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Hume

 
Posted: 04/27/07 11:58 am
   
David Hume, a confessed skeptic, did more constructive work with his doubting than did many others before him with their constructive theories. Although Hume never truly provided any clear recourse or resolution to the many flaws he found within the arguments of reason and the enlightenment, his points allow for deeper reflection on the importance of conserving the past and attempting to meld it with new reasonable concepts.
His first biting criticism was against the whole concept of causal theory. We as humans define our existence mostly by what we perceive to be actions and events that cause one another. Hume however breaks the cycle into the simple mind game that it is. What one perceives is not necessarily the truth, but just a pattern that has occurred enough times to be accepted as truth. The prime example Hume gives is the dark clouds bring rain. Quite often rain comes after clouds. However, this does not mean that it was the clouds that caused the rain. Man sees a series of still frames in his mind that repeat constantly in his day-to-day life, but if one laughs it does not automatically make sense to reason that what was laughed at was funny. Causation is linked to expectation, and expectation is a feeling that something will happen a certain way. This certainly makes a case for causation to be nothing more than a gut feeling based on prior experience similar to the way Grandpa’s rheumatism acts up before the oncoming storm.
Just as causation is linked to sentiment, so are normative and moral principles rooted in the same. Just because something “is” does not automatically mean it “ought” to be. Or, we cannot assume that from an analytical approach of how things are or how they have developed that we can surmise and identify therefore all that is good. The two spheres are separate. What is natural is not necessarily good and what is unnatural is not necessarily bad. A prime example is that of an automobile. It is not naturally occurring, but serves a purpose to transport people from one place to the other efficiently, thus being a certain good. Conversely, a hurricane, although a natural occurrence, often destroys and swallows up all life in its path, and somehow one is supposed to come to the conclusion that this is good. Of course it therefore stands that one can find good in both the natural and unnatural world.
Hume believed as his colleague Rousseau did, that morality originates in our feelings, however he draws much more radical conclusions than did his counterpart. His belief when prescribed to, infers that a person’s sense of moral obligation is ultimately the product of his habits that he developed within his own culture. This being the case, the morality of one man in Japan can be completely different from a man who lives in France. However, something Hume neglects to address in this case is that perhaps there are some universal morals beneath the culture that exist before time and thereby transcend it. Hume did however aspire to find a morality before history and its sense of being, but was incapable of truly satisfying his own quest, much less the desire of his followers to see a fitting conclusion to his work on morality.
Hume’s next task was to conquer the concept of contract theory, and he successfully exploits its follies and misgivings and provides adequate grounds for one to conclude that it is not the best way to govern society. However, although he can point to its many flaws, he fails to produce a reasonable alternative. It is much easier to critique than to use such critiques to create a positive counter argument with a plan and structure to defeat the first. However, in lieu of producing a viable option of governance Hume does suggest certain practices that allow for people to become politically successful. Of course this in part comes from consent, as Hume assents to its necessity, but also to a secular form of governance. The question he asked himself very well could have been “What kind of political and social practices are likely to most effectively satisfy the expectations of the subjects the government presides over?” To this he responds that reason, working carefully together within the accepted norms and practices of the past, effects necessary adjustments and adaptations to provide a unified front in the sovereign’s power. However, to Hume religion is innately divisive and dangerous. Although, he does believe these unbridled religious passions and fervor can be attenuated by the cultivation of a market economy. That is to say a country with vested interest in the success of its neighbors, in terms of business and trade, will be less likely to get caught up in ideological religious conflicts, and attempt to develop a legal structure that is tolerant and flexible. A good government, in Hume’s opinion, seems to be one that secures order and provides protection while at the same time providing for the human need most often through some system of property management. However in Hume’s usual skeptic and realistic way, he states quite simply that no one form of government can fit all countries. Each is susceptible to its own history and traditions and value systems. A government must therefore be constituted with these in mind coupled with cautious reason.
It is clear that Hume creates many wonderfully entertaining and important points and shows how we cannot throw away the past, but work with it and with philosophy and reason to come to an answer. What that answer is, Hume does not say. Nor does he truly agree on what the initial question was. This does not however take away from his helpful synthesis of two supposedly divergent views. One is that only traditions and learned norms will lead us to truth, the other being that reason alone will get us there. Neither can do it alone, but Hume is not conclusive that they can even capture the essence of the whole together, but he hints at it, and perhaps leaves it for someone to discover after him.


Libertarian Explanation

 
Posted: 04/27/07 11:58 am
   
Mr. L: To what variant of libertarianism do you subscribe?

Ian: A constitutional, integral, fiscally responsible, conservative form that entails a moderated balanced government without all the bureaucratic foolishness. More education, less regulation.

Mr. L: To what extent would you deregulate? Also, what do you mean by more education? Do you mean that people should be smarter or that the government should be more involved in education?

Ian: Of course it would be nice if people were smarter, but smartness is innate and inherent, so what I mean is yes, teachers should be better compensated for their services. Higher pay for teachers means more applicants to be teachers, the greater the number of applicants, the more competition, the more competition, the better quality of teachers, the better the teachers, the better the curriculae, the better the curriculae, the more knowledgable the students, a smarter populace does not need as much regulation, but will more or less regulate themselves. I would deregulate and restructure the tax system - ie: get rid of lots of useless taxes on real estate, automobiles, get rid of tiered taxation and make it the same for everyone.

Mr. L: Why not leave education to the private sector, ensuring adequate pay without bureaucratic dictate?

Ian: Because the private sector cannot promise that.

Mr. L: The private sector provides adequate pay to every other trained employee in every other occupation...why not education? If there is a void it will be filled. Invisible hand etc. etc.

Ian: Except capitalism is not a perfect system...it is the most adequate that we know of at present. Many people in the private sector do not receive adequate pay. If it were left to private institutions then many would first off, be unable to afford to send their children to school, and secondly some schools would pay their teachers well while others would not. By having the government standardize the pay rate no one would get the short end of the stick...and of course there would still be pay raise incentives with more education as there is now....and the benefit plans as given by the government are far more comprehensive than at private schools. Believe me my mom is a teacher and I have spoken to many teachers who love their job and do the best for themselves, their students and their families. The only irritating middle-man that interferes with the public school system getting the "best" teachers is the labor union...that is why bad teachers stay and good teachers don't make more.

Mr. L: Every qualified individual receives adequate pay. Those who are untrained will not receive adequate pay in any system which respects merit. Many parents would be unable to afford sending their children to school if education was privatized right now and nothing else done differently, but deregulation and lowered taxes, coupled with the dissolution of the near-monopoly the government currently holds would bring the cost well within the reach of families. Families pay for education right now. This guise of a free lunch is sick. How can you standardize while still have pay incentives? This seems mutually exclusive to me. You speak of the problems regarding the status quo and use them as arguments against what would be a paradigmatic shift in policy.

Ian: That statement is absolutely idealistic and therefore unrealistic. In capitalism we'd like to think people are rewarded based on merit however, in the real world people who do do do, do not necessarily reap the benefits. Often times the people who do the most do not receive the credit. Many employers also have preferences as to who they hire and promote based on friendships, family, race or even to this day, sex. Those who are untrained under the current system are not hired. However, this does not prevent them from becoming lax after tenure. When you talk about deregulation, revamping tax structure and then "dissolving" public schools you are talking about something that if proposed would be immediately rejected and protested by almost all members of congress and a majority of their constituents. It would have to be a gradual restructuring which would have to be managed and carefully planned to actually take effect. But, even if you were able to reduce taxes and burdens on business that would not mean everyone all of a sudden has tons of extra money in their pockets. It would mean that some, mostly CEOs and top execs would make a killing, and we in the middle class would get a moderate break on taxes, ie: we would get some of our hard-earned cash back, our salaries staying the same. I said nothing of free lunch. Of course we pay for public schools. That gives us all the more reason to use them. If we abandon them we disenfranchise millions of poor children and allow only the most wealthy to attend school. Then we are left with an un-balanced society similar to the European feudal system with many poor and a tiny hand full of rich. For as we know more education correlates to higher incomes. Therefore those who are left in the dark are left in the abyss of social stagnation, meaning more useless bureaucracy would be needed to prevent crime and keep the ignorant at bay. I sincerely think you need to address reality and not call for an immediate radical shift in policy. It Didn't work in Germany. It Didn't work in the former Soviet Union. We need to gradually come together and reach harmony without burning bridges with ideologic fantasies.

Freedom

 
Posted: 04/27/07 11:57 am
   
I want to break free, but I already am.
With every step I take, and breath I inhale I am free.
Every thought I have to do good is liberty.
I have liberty in choice and continued freedom in good.
Without goodness there is only dark coercion and chains,
Encircling black that balks at the soul that was once free.
Some choices enable the soul to gain strength, power and love,
And thus freedom.
Some choices hinder, halt and enslave the soul to weakness and vice.
We are free to make these choices.
However, we cannot choose the consequences.
Whether our intentions are good or bad,
What happens, happens and must happen the way it did,
For good or for ill is never a true phrase,
For all can be for good whether bad or not.
It is the empowerment in the lesson learned.
It is the understanding gained from a painful wound.
It is the fortitude and diligence taken from a humbling loss.
It is good.
It is freedom.

Explain To Me

 
Posted: 04/27/07 11:56 am
   
Why is it that I like you so?
I am with you, but I do not know
Jumping in the deep end of the pool,
Scrape my toe at the bottom, a fool.
I want to walk the gardens smelling flowers,
Dance with you in the rain and in the showers.
I am together, refined but want to test fate,
I know I must do it as time grows so late.
Your tender voice and cautious eyes
Invite and deny any possible lies.
I wish I knew how it would end,
But that wouldn’t be fun I just couldn’t bend,
Like a reed in the wind I’m blown and tossed,
But I know for sure that I am not lost.
With vim and vigor I surely pursue,
The path the leads me straightway to you.
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